🧪 Know Your Test
“Why has my doctor ordered this test?” Start here. These explanations give you the general idea behind commonly used tests without turning a laboratory number into a self-diagnosis.
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Why might your doctor order it?
A CBC looks at red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets together. Doctors use it when checking for anaemia, infection, inflammation, bleeding problems or unexplained weakness. An abnormal CBC is a clue, not a diagnosis; the individual cell counts and your symptoms tell the doctor where to look next.
A CBC looks at red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets together. Doctors use it when checking for anaemia, infection, inflammation, bleeding problems or unexplained weakness. An abnormal CBC is a clue, not a diagnosis; the individual cell counts and your symptoms tell the doctor where to look next.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
2. Haemoglobin (Hb)
Why might your doctor order it?
Haemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen. A low level may help explain tiredness, breathlessness or paleness, but it does not tell the cause by itself. Your doctor may then look for iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, blood loss or other illnesses.
Haemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen. A low level may help explain tiredness, breathlessness or paleness, but it does not tell the cause by itself. Your doctor may then look for iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, blood loss or other illnesses.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
3. White Blood Cell Count (WBC/TLC)
Why might your doctor order it?
White blood cells help the body respond to infection and inflammation. The count can rise with infection, stress, steroid medicines and many other conditions, and can fall with some viral illnesses or medicines. A high count does not automatically mean a bacterial infection.
White blood cells help the body respond to infection and inflammation. The count can rise with infection, stress, steroid medicines and many other conditions, and can fall with some viral illnesses or medicines. A high count does not automatically mean a bacterial infection.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
4. Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC)
Why might your doctor order it?
The DLC shows the proportions of different white blood cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. It helps a doctor understand the pattern behind an abnormal WBC count—for example infection, allergy or another blood-cell problem.
The DLC shows the proportions of different white blood cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. It helps a doctor understand the pattern behind an abnormal WBC count—for example infection, allergy or another blood-cell problem.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
5. Platelet Count
Why might your doctor order it?
Platelets help stop bleeding by forming the first plug at an injured blood vessel. Doctors check the count when there is unusual bruising or bleeding, during some infections, before certain procedures, or while monitoring medicines. The number alone does not describe how well platelets function.
Platelets help stop bleeding by forming the first plug at an injured blood vessel. Doctors check the count when there is unusual bruising or bleeding, during some infections, before certain procedures, or while monitoring medicines. The number alone does not describe how well platelets function.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
6. Peripheral Blood Smear
Why might your doctor order it?
A blood smear lets the laboratory look at blood cells under a microscope. It can reveal changes in the size, shape or appearance of red cells, white cells and platelets that an automated count cannot fully explain. It is often ordered when a CBC is abnormal.
A blood smear lets the laboratory look at blood cells under a microscope. It can reveal changes in the size, shape or appearance of red cells, white cells and platelets that an automated count cannot fully explain. It is often ordered when a CBC is abnormal.
Preparation: No special preparation is usually needed.
7. Reticulocyte Count
Why might your doctor order it?
Reticulocytes are young red blood cells. This test tells the doctor whether the bone marrow is responding properly when haemoglobin is low. A high or low result has different meanings depending on whether blood is being lost, destroyed or not produced adequately.
Reticulocytes are young red blood cells. This test tells the doctor whether the bone marrow is responding properly when haemoglobin is low. A high or low result has different meanings depending on whether blood is being lost, destroyed or not produced adequately.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
8. ESR
Why might your doctor order it?
ESR is a broad marker that can rise when inflammation is present. It may be useful in some inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, but it is also affected by age, anaemia and pregnancy. It cannot tell where the inflammation is or what caused it.
ESR is a broad marker that can rise when inflammation is present. It may be useful in some inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, but it is also affected by age, anaemia and pregnancy. It cannot tell where the inflammation is or what caused it.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
9. CRP
Why might your doctor order it?
CRP rises relatively quickly when the body has significant inflammation. Doctors may use it to support an assessment or follow whether inflammation is improving. A raised CRP is not a diagnosis and cannot, on its own, tell whether an infection is bacterial or viral.
CRP rises relatively quickly when the body has significant inflammation. Doctors may use it to support an assessment or follow whether inflammation is improving. A raised CRP is not a diagnosis and cannot, on its own, tell whether an infection is bacterial or viral.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
CRP vs ESR: Both can reflect inflammation, but CRP usually changes faster. Neither test tells the cause by itself.
10. Ferritin
Why might your doctor order it?
Ferritin gives an idea of the body's stored iron and is very useful when looking for iron deficiency. However, ferritin can also rise during inflammation, so a normal or high value does not always rule out iron deficiency in someone who is unwell.
Ferritin gives an idea of the body's stored iron and is very useful when looking for iron deficiency. However, ferritin can also rise during inflammation, so a normal or high value does not always rule out iron deficiency in someone who is unwell.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed unless combined with other iron tests.
11. Serum Iron and TIBC
Why might your doctor order it?
These tests look at circulating iron and the blood's capacity to carry it. Doctors usually interpret them together with ferritin and the CBC when the cause of anaemia is unclear. Serum iron changes during the day, so one isolated value can be misleading.
These tests look at circulating iron and the blood's capacity to carry it. Doctors usually interpret them together with ferritin and the CBC when the cause of anaemia is unclear. Serum iron changes during the day, so one isolated value can be misleading.
Preparation: Morning sampling or fasting may be requested by the laboratory.
12. Vitamin B12
Why might your doctor order it?
Vitamin B12 is needed for healthy blood cells and nerves. A doctor may check it in certain types of anaemia, numbness, tingling, memory symptoms or dietary risk. A borderline result sometimes needs additional assessment rather than automatic treatment.
Vitamin B12 is needed for healthy blood cells and nerves. A doctor may check it in certain types of anaemia, numbness, tingling, memory symptoms or dietary risk. A borderline result sometimes needs additional assessment rather than automatic treatment.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
13. Folate
Why might your doctor order it?
Folate is a vitamin needed for normal cell and red-cell production. Low levels can contribute to anaemia and are especially important around pregnancy. The result is interpreted with diet, medicines, B12 status and the blood count.
Folate is a vitamin needed for normal cell and red-cell production. Low levels can contribute to anaemia and are especially important around pregnancy. The result is interpreted with diet, medicines, B12 status and the blood count.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
14. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
Why might your doctor order it?
FBS shows the blood glucose level after an overnight fast. It is useful for screening and diagnosing diabetes and for understanding fasting glucose control. Because it is a snapshot from one morning, your doctor may combine it with PPBS or HbA1c for a broader picture.
FBS shows the blood glucose level after an overnight fast. It is useful for screening and diagnosing diabetes and for understanding fasting glucose control. Because it is a snapshot from one morning, your doctor may combine it with PPBS or HbA1c for a broader picture.
Preparation: Usually requires 8–10 hours without food; plain water is generally allowed.
15. Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS)
Why might your doctor order it?
PPBS shows how blood glucose behaves after a meal, commonly around two hours after eating. It can reveal high post-meal sugar even when fasting readings look acceptable. Timing, meal size and diabetes medicines all affect the result.
PPBS shows how blood glucose behaves after a meal, commonly around two hours after eating. It can reveal high post-meal sugar even when fasting readings look acceptable. Timing, meal size and diabetes medicines all affect the result.
Preparation: Follow the exact meal and timing instructions given by your doctor/laboratory.
16. Random Blood Sugar (RBS)
Why might your doctor order it?
RBS measures glucose without requiring fasting. It is useful when symptoms occur at any time or when a quick glucose check is needed. A single random value must be interpreted with symptoms and, when necessary, confirmed with other diabetes tests.
RBS measures glucose without requiring fasting. It is useful when symptoms occur at any time or when a quick glucose check is needed. A single random value must be interpreted with symptoms and, when necessary, confirmed with other diabetes tests.
Preparation: No fasting is required.
17. HbA1c
Why might your doctor order it?
HbA1c gives an estimate of your average blood sugar exposure over roughly the previous 2–3 months. FBS and PPBS show glucose around the time they are measured, while HbA1c gives the longer-term picture. That is why doctors often check it even when recent home readings look good. Anaemia, haemoglobin disorders, recent blood loss or transfusion can sometimes affect the result.
HbA1c gives an estimate of your average blood sugar exposure over roughly the previous 2–3 months. FBS and PPBS show glucose around the time they are measured, while HbA1c gives the longer-term picture. That is why doctors often check it even when recent home readings look good. Anaemia, haemoglobin disorders, recent blood loss or transfusion can sometimes affect the result.
Preparation: No fasting is required.
Why check it besides FBS/PPBS? FBS and PPBS are snapshots around a particular day and meal. HbA1c gives the longer-term picture, so the tests complement rather than replace one another.
18. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Why might your doctor order it?
An OGTT checks how the body handles a measured glucose drink over time. It is used in selected situations, including pregnancy and when other glucose tests do not give a clear answer. It is more controlled than simply checking sugar after an ordinary meal.
An OGTT checks how the body handles a measured glucose drink over time. It is used in selected situations, including pregnancy and when other glucose tests do not give a clear answer. It is more controlled than simply checking sugar after an ordinary meal.
Preparation: Requires specific fasting and timed samples; follow the laboratory instructions carefully.
19. Serum Creatinine
Why might your doctor order it?
Creatinine helps your doctor understand how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. A high value may suggest reduced kidney function, but muscle mass, age, hydration and recent changes also matter. Doctors therefore often look at eGFR and the trend rather than one creatinine value alone.
Creatinine helps your doctor understand how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. A high value may suggest reduced kidney function, but muscle mass, age, hydration and recent changes also matter. Doctors therefore often look at eGFR and the trend rather than one creatinine value alone.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed; tell your doctor about supplements and medicines.
Creatinine vs eGFR: Creatinine is the measured blood marker; eGFR uses it to estimate kidney filtering in a way that is easier to compare with expected kidney function.
20. eGFR
Why might your doctor order it?
eGFR is an estimate of kidney filtering ability calculated mainly from creatinine along with factors such as age. It is easier to interpret than creatinine alone when assessing kidney function. One low eGFR does not automatically mean chronic kidney disease; persistence and urine findings matter.
eGFR is an estimate of kidney filtering ability calculated mainly from creatinine along with factors such as age. It is easier to interpret than creatinine alone when assessing kidney function. One low eGFR does not automatically mean chronic kidney disease; persistence and urine findings matter.
Preparation: No separate sample beyond the creatinine blood test is usually needed.
21. Blood Urea / BUN
Why might your doctor order it?
Urea is a waste product carried in the blood and removed partly by the kidneys. It can rise with reduced kidney function, dehydration, high protein breakdown or gastrointestinal bleeding. This is why doctors do not judge kidney function from urea alone.
Urea is a waste product carried in the blood and removed partly by the kidneys. It can rise with reduced kidney function, dehydration, high protein breakdown or gastrointestinal bleeding. This is why doctors do not judge kidney function from urea alone.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
22. Serum Sodium
Why might your doctor order it?
Sodium is closely linked to the body's water balance and is important for brain and nerve function. Both low and high sodium can cause serious symptoms when severe or rapidly changing. The cause matters greatly, so treatment is based on the clinical situation rather than simply 'adding salt' or drinking more water.
Sodium is closely linked to the body's water balance and is important for brain and nerve function. Both low and high sodium can cause serious symptoms when severe or rapidly changing. The cause matters greatly, so treatment is based on the clinical situation rather than simply 'adding salt' or drinking more water.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
23. Serum Potassium
Why might your doctor order it?
Potassium is essential for normal heart rhythm, nerves and muscles. Levels that are too high or too low can be important, especially in kidney disease or with certain medicines. An unexpected result may sometimes need repeating because sample handling can falsely raise potassium.
Potassium is essential for normal heart rhythm, nerves and muscles. Levels that are too high or too low can be important, especially in kidney disease or with certain medicines. An unexpected result may sometimes need repeating because sample handling can falsely raise potassium.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
24. Serum Chloride
Why might your doctor order it?
Chloride works alongside sodium and bicarbonate in maintaining fluid and acid–base balance. Doctors usually interpret it as part of an electrolyte panel rather than as an isolated number.
Chloride works alongside sodium and bicarbonate in maintaining fluid and acid–base balance. Doctors usually interpret it as part of an electrolyte panel rather than as an isolated number.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
25. Serum Bicarbonate / Total CO2
Why might your doctor order it?
This test helps assess the body's acid–base balance. It can change with kidney problems, severe vomiting, diarrhoea, diabetic ketoacidosis and some breathing disorders. The meaning depends on the other electrolytes and clinical situation.
This test helps assess the body's acid–base balance. It can change with kidney problems, severe vomiting, diarrhoea, diabetic ketoacidosis and some breathing disorders. The meaning depends on the other electrolytes and clinical situation.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
26. Serum Calcium
Why might your doctor order it?
Calcium is important for bones, muscles, nerves and heart function. An abnormal level may be related to parathyroid problems, vitamin D, kidney disease, medicines or other conditions. Albumin can affect the measured total calcium, so your doctor may correct for it or request ionized calcium.
Calcium is important for bones, muscles, nerves and heart function. An abnormal level may be related to parathyroid problems, vitamin D, kidney disease, medicines or other conditions. Albumin can affect the measured total calcium, so your doctor may correct for it or request ionized calcium.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
27. Serum Magnesium
Why might your doctor order it?
Magnesium supports heart rhythm, muscles and many cell functions. Doctors may check it with unexplained weakness, arrhythmias, low potassium or calcium, diarrhoea, alcohol-related illness or certain medicines.
Magnesium supports heart rhythm, muscles and many cell functions. Doctors may check it with unexplained weakness, arrhythmias, low potassium or calcium, diarrhoea, alcohol-related illness or certain medicines.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
28. Serum Phosphate
Why might your doctor order it?
Phosphate is important for bones and energy use in cells. It is commonly interpreted with calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and kidney function when bone or mineral problems are suspected.
Phosphate is important for bones and energy use in cells. It is commonly interpreted with calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and kidney function when bone or mineral problems are suspected.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed, though timing can affect levels.
29. Urine Routine and Microscopy
Why might your doctor order it?
This simple urine test looks for protein, blood, glucose, pus cells, crystals and other clues. It can help in urinary symptoms, kidney disease, diabetes and many routine assessments. An abnormal result may be temporary or due to contamination, so symptoms and sample quality matter.
This simple urine test looks for protein, blood, glucose, pus cells, crystals and other clues. It can help in urinary symptoms, kidney disease, diabetes and many routine assessments. An abnormal result may be temporary or due to contamination, so symptoms and sample quality matter.
Preparation: A clean-catch midstream urine sample is often preferred.
30. Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (ACR)
Why might your doctor order it?
Urine ACR can detect very small amounts of albumin leaking from the kidneys, often before routine urine protein becomes obvious. It is particularly useful in diabetes and hypertension. Persistent elevation matters more than a single abnormal sample.
Urine ACR can detect very small amounts of albumin leaking from the kidneys, often before routine urine protein becomes obvious. It is particularly useful in diabetes and hypertension. Persistent elevation matters more than a single abnormal sample.
Preparation: A first-morning or clean urine sample may be preferred; strenuous exercise can temporarily affect it.
31. 24-hour Urine Protein
Why might your doctor order it?
This test measures how much protein is lost in urine over a full day. It can help quantify kidney protein loss when a spot urine test is not enough. Accurate collection of every urine sample during the stated period is essential.
This test measures how much protein is lost in urine over a full day. It can help quantify kidney protein loss when a spot urine test is not enough. Accurate collection of every urine sample during the stated period is essential.
Preparation: Follow the collection instructions exactly for the full 24 hours.
32. Urine Culture and Sensitivity
Why might your doctor order it?
A urine culture checks whether bacteria grow from the urine and which antibiotics are likely to work. It is useful when a urinary infection is suspected, especially in complicated or recurrent cases. Bacteria in urine without symptoms does not always require antibiotics.
A urine culture checks whether bacteria grow from the urine and which antibiotics are likely to work. It is useful when a urinary infection is suspected, especially in complicated or recurrent cases. Bacteria in urine without symptoms does not always require antibiotics.
Preparation: Give a clean-catch sample, ideally before starting antibiotics when possible.
33. ALT / SGPT
Why might your doctor order it?
ALT is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. Doctors may order it when there is concern about liver inflammation or injury. It can rise with fatty liver, viral hepatitis, alcohol-related disease and some medicines, but a high ALT alone cannot tell the exact cause or how well the liver is functioning.
ALT is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. Doctors may order it when there is concern about liver inflammation or injury. It can rise with fatty liver, viral hepatitis, alcohol-related disease and some medicines, but a high ALT alone cannot tell the exact cause or how well the liver is functioning.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed unless part of a broader panel.
34. AST / SGOT
Why might your doctor order it?
AST is an enzyme found in the liver but also in muscles and other tissues. It is interpreted with ALT and other tests because an elevated AST is not specific to liver disease. Recent heavy exercise or muscle injury can also affect it.
AST is an enzyme found in the liver but also in muscles and other tissues. It is interpreted with ALT and other tests because an elevated AST is not specific to liver disease. Recent heavy exercise or muscle injury can also affect it.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
35. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Why might your doctor order it?
ALP comes mainly from the bile ducts and bones. A raised value may point toward a bile-flow problem or increased bone activity, depending on age and other tests. Doctors often use GGT or other liver tests to help identify the source.
ALP comes mainly from the bile ducts and bones. A raised value may point toward a bile-flow problem or increased bone activity, depending on age and other tests. Doctors often use GGT or other liver tests to help identify the source.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
36. GGT
Why might your doctor order it?
GGT is an enzyme often used to help determine whether an elevated ALP is coming from the liver/bile system. It can also rise with alcohol use and some medicines, so it is not a stand-alone test for alcohol-related disease.
GGT is an enzyme often used to help determine whether an elevated ALP is coming from the liver/bile system. It can also rise with alcohol use and some medicines, so it is not a stand-alone test for alcohol-related disease.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
37. Bilirubin
Why might your doctor order it?
Bilirubin is produced when old red blood cells are broken down and is processed by the liver. A high level may cause yellowing of the eyes or skin. Looking at direct and indirect bilirubin with other tests helps the doctor distinguish blood-cell breakdown, liver problems and bile obstruction.
Bilirubin is produced when old red blood cells are broken down and is processed by the liver. A high level may cause yellowing of the eyes or skin. Looking at direct and indirect bilirubin with other tests helps the doctor distinguish blood-cell breakdown, liver problems and bile obstruction.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
38. Serum Albumin
Why might your doctor order it?
Albumin is a major blood protein made by the liver. Low levels can occur with liver disease, kidney protein loss, inflammation, poor nutrition or intestinal loss. It therefore should not be interpreted as a liver test alone.
Albumin is a major blood protein made by the liver. Low levels can occur with liver disease, kidney protein loss, inflammation, poor nutrition or intestinal loss. It therefore should not be interpreted as a liver test alone.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
39. PT/INR
Why might your doctor order it?
PT/INR measures one part of the blood-clotting system. It is especially important for people taking warfarin and may also help assess bleeding or liver-related clotting problems. The 'right' INR depends on why the test was ordered.
PT/INR measures one part of the blood-clotting system. It is especially important for people taking warfarin and may also help assess bleeding or liver-related clotting problems. The 'right' INR depends on why the test was ordered.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed; tell the doctor about anticoagulants.
40. Lipid Profile
Why might your doctor order it?
A lipid profile usually includes total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. Doctors use the whole pattern together with age, blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and other factors to estimate cardiovascular risk rather than judging one number in isolation.
A lipid profile usually includes total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. Doctors use the whole pattern together with age, blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and other factors to estimate cardiovascular risk rather than judging one number in isolation.
Preparation: Fasting is not always necessary; your doctor may request it when triglycerides need specific assessment.
41. LDL Cholesterol
Why might your doctor order it?
LDL carries cholesterol that can contribute to plaque build-up in arteries. It is a major treatment target for preventing heart attack and stroke. The desirable LDL is not the same for everyone—people at very high cardiovascular risk usually need a much lower level.
LDL carries cholesterol that can contribute to plaque build-up in arteries. It is a major treatment target for preventing heart attack and stroke. The desirable LDL is not the same for everyone—people at very high cardiovascular risk usually need a much lower level.
Preparation: Fasting is not always required.
42. HDL Cholesterol
Why might your doctor order it?
HDL is one part of the cholesterol profile and is associated with cardiovascular risk. A higher HDL does not cancel the risk from high LDL, smoking, diabetes or high blood pressure, so doctors look at the complete risk picture.
HDL is one part of the cholesterol profile and is associated with cardiovascular risk. A higher HDL does not cancel the risk from high LDL, smoking, diabetes or high blood pressure, so doctors look at the complete risk picture.
Preparation: Fasting is not usually required.
43. Triglycerides
Why might your doctor order it?
Triglycerides are fats influenced by meals, alcohol, diabetes, body weight and genetics. Very high levels can increase the risk of pancreatitis, while moderate elevations contribute to cardiovascular assessment.
Triglycerides are fats influenced by meals, alcohol, diabetes, body weight and genetics. Very high levels can increase the risk of pancreatitis, while moderate elevations contribute to cardiovascular assessment.
Preparation: Fasting may be requested when levels are high or clarification is needed.
44. TSH
Why might your doctor order it?
TSH is the main signal from the pituitary gland telling the thyroid how hard to work. A high TSH may mean the thyroid is underactive, while a low TSH may suggest overactivity, but doctors commonly check Free T4 to understand the situation properly.
TSH is the main signal from the pituitary gland telling the thyroid how hard to work. A high TSH may mean the thyroid is underactive, while a low TSH may suggest overactivity, but doctors commonly check Free T4 to understand the situation properly.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed; thyroid medicines and biotin supplements can affect interpretation.
Why might Free T4 be added? TSH tells us how strongly the brain is signalling the thyroid; Free T4 tells us how much thyroid hormone is actually available. Together they explain the pattern better.
45. Free T4
Why might your doctor order it?
Free T4 measures the available form of one of the main thyroid hormones. It is usually interpreted together with TSH; the combination helps distinguish different thyroid problems much better than either test alone.
Free T4 measures the available form of one of the main thyroid hormones. It is usually interpreted together with TSH; the combination helps distinguish different thyroid problems much better than either test alone.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
46. Free T3
Why might your doctor order it?
Free T3 is another thyroid hormone test and is particularly useful in selected cases of suspected thyroid overactivity. It is not routinely necessary for every person with a thyroid concern.
Free T3 is another thyroid hormone test and is particularly useful in selected cases of suspected thyroid overactivity. It is not routinely necessary for every person with a thyroid concern.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
47. Anti-TPO Antibody
Why might your doctor order it?
Anti-TPO antibodies can support the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A positive antibody does not by itself tell how well the thyroid is functioning—that still requires tests such as TSH and Free T4.
Anti-TPO antibodies can support the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A positive antibody does not by itself tell how well the thyroid is functioning—that still requires tests such as TSH and Free T4.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
48. Vitamin D (25-OH Vitamin D)
Why might your doctor order it?
This blood test is the usual way to assess vitamin D status. Doctors may order it when deficiency is likely, in certain bone problems or in people at higher risk. Testing everyone repeatedly is not always necessary, and treatment depends on the degree of deficiency and clinical context.
This blood test is the usual way to assess vitamin D status. Doctors may order it when deficiency is likely, in certain bone problems or in people at higher risk. Testing everyone repeatedly is not always necessary, and treatment depends on the degree of deficiency and clinical context.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
49. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Why might your doctor order it?
PTH helps control calcium and phosphate levels. Doctors check it when calcium is abnormal, in chronic kidney disease or when a parathyroid disorder is suspected. It makes most sense when read alongside calcium, phosphate, vitamin D and kidney function.
PTH helps control calcium and phosphate levels. Doctors check it when calcium is abnormal, in chronic kidney disease or when a parathyroid disorder is suspected. It makes most sense when read alongside calcium, phosphate, vitamin D and kidney function.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed; timing may be specified.
50. Serum Uric Acid
Why might your doctor order it?
Uric acid is related to gout and some kidney stones. A high level increases the likelihood of urate crystal problems but does not prove that joint pain is gout, and the level can even be normal during an acute gout attack.
Uric acid is related to gout and some kidney stones. A high level increases the likelihood of urate crystal problems but does not prove that joint pain is gout, and the level can even be normal during an acute gout attack.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
51. Creatine Kinase (CK/CPK)
Why might your doctor order it?
CK is an enzyme released from muscle. It may be checked with muscle pain or weakness, suspected muscle injury or when monitoring certain medicines. Heavy exercise can raise CK even without disease.
CK is an enzyme released from muscle. It may be checked with muscle pain or weakness, suspected muscle injury or when monitoring certain medicines. Heavy exercise can raise CK even without disease.
Preparation: Avoid unusually strenuous exercise before testing if your doctor advises.
52. Troponin
Why might your doctor order it?
Troponin is released into the blood when heart muscle cells are injured. Doctors commonly check it when someone has chest pain or symptoms suggesting a heart problem. A raised troponin can occur during a heart attack, but not every raised troponin means a heart attack; symptoms, ECG and changes in troponin over time are crucial.
Troponin is released into the blood when heart muscle cells are injured. Doctors commonly check it when someone has chest pain or symptoms suggesting a heart problem. A raised troponin can occur during a heart attack, but not every raised troponin means a heart attack; symptoms, ECG and changes in troponin over time are crucial.
Preparation: No fasting is required; emergency testing should never be delayed for fasting.
Troponin vs ECG: Troponin looks for heart-muscle injury in the blood. ECG looks at the heart’s electrical pattern. In suspected heart attack, doctors often need both.
53. BNP / NT-proBNP
Why might your doctor order it?
These markers rise when the heart is under increased stretch or pressure and can help doctors assess possible heart failure in someone with breathlessness or swelling. Kidney function, age and other illnesses can also affect the value.
These markers rise when the heart is under increased stretch or pressure and can help doctors assess possible heart failure in someone with breathlessness or swelling. Kidney function, age and other illnesses can also affect the value.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
54. ECG
Why might your doctor order it?
An ECG records the heart's electrical activity through stickers placed on the chest and limbs. It can show rhythm problems, conduction abnormalities and changes that may occur with a heart attack. A normal ECG does not rule out every heart condition, so symptoms and other tests may still matter.
An ECG records the heart's electrical activity through stickers placed on the chest and limbs. It can show rhythm problems, conduction abnormalities and changes that may occur with a heart attack. A normal ECG does not rule out every heart condition, so symptoms and other tests may still matter.
Preparation: No fasting; the test is quick and painless.
55. Echocardiography (Echo)
Why might your doctor order it?
An echo uses ultrasound to look at the heart's chambers, valves and pumping function. Unlike an ECG, which records electricity, an echo shows heart structure and movement. Doctors may order both because they answer different questions.
An echo uses ultrasound to look at the heart's chambers, valves and pumping function. Unlike an ECG, which records electricity, an echo shows heart structure and movement. Doctors may order both because they answer different questions.
Preparation: Usually no fasting for a standard transthoracic echo.
ECG vs Echo: ECG records electrical activity. Echo shows structure, valves and pumping. They answer different questions.
56. Treadmill Test (TMT/Exercise Stress Test)
Why might your doctor order it?
A treadmill test observes the heart's response to controlled exercise while ECG and symptoms are monitored. It can be useful in selected patients when assessing exercise-related symptoms or coronary risk, but it is not the right test for everyone.
A treadmill test observes the heart's response to controlled exercise while ECG and symptoms are monitored. It can be useful in selected patients when assessing exercise-related symptoms or coronary risk, but it is not the right test for everyone.
Preparation: Wear comfortable clothing; follow instructions about food and medicines.
57. Holter Monitoring
Why might your doctor order it?
A Holter records the heart rhythm continuously, usually for 24 hours or longer. It is useful when palpitations, dizziness or rhythm symptoms come and go and may be missed by a short ECG in the clinic.
A Holter records the heart rhythm continuously, usually for 24 hours or longer. It is useful when palpitations, dizziness or rhythm symptoms come and go and may be missed by a short ECG in the clinic.
Preparation: No fasting; continue normal activities unless instructed otherwise.
58. D-dimer
Why might your doctor order it?
D-dimer is produced when the body breaks down blood clots. In people assessed as low risk, a normal result can help rule out conditions such as deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A high result does not prove a clot because infection, age, pregnancy and many illnesses can also raise it.
D-dimer is produced when the body breaks down blood clots. In people assessed as low risk, a normal result can help rule out conditions such as deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A high result does not prove a clot because infection, age, pregnancy and many illnesses can also raise it.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
59. PT / Prothrombin Time
Why might your doctor order it?
PT measures how long blood takes to clot through one pathway. It is used with INR for warfarin monitoring and in selected bleeding or liver assessments. A prolonged result has several possible causes.
PT measures how long blood takes to clot through one pathway. It is used with INR for warfarin monitoring and in selected bleeding or liver assessments. A prolonged result has several possible causes.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
60. aPTT
Why might your doctor order it?
aPTT measures another part of the clotting system. It may be used to investigate unusual bleeding and to monitor some forms of heparin. A prolonged aPTT does not automatically mean a person will bleed.
aPTT measures another part of the clotting system. It may be used to investigate unusual bleeding and to monitor some forms of heparin. A prolonged aPTT does not automatically mean a person will bleed.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
61. Fibrinogen
Why might your doctor order it?
Fibrinogen is a protein needed to form a stable blood clot. Doctors may check it in major bleeding, severe infection, liver disease or suspected clotting-system disorders. Both the level and the clinical setting matter.
Fibrinogen is a protein needed to form a stable blood clot. Doctors may check it in major bleeding, severe infection, liver disease or suspected clotting-system disorders. Both the level and the clinical setting matter.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
62. HBsAg
Why might your doctor order it?
HBsAg is a screening marker for current hepatitis B infection. If it is positive, additional hepatitis B tests are usually needed to understand whether the infection is recent or long-standing and whether treatment or monitoring is required.
HBsAg is a screening marker for current hepatitis B infection. If it is positive, additional hepatitis B tests are usually needed to understand whether the infection is recent or long-standing and whether treatment or monitoring is required.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
63. Anti-HCV Antibody
Why might your doctor order it?
This test shows whether the immune system has been exposed to hepatitis C. A positive antibody does not necessarily mean the virus is still present; an HCV RNA test is needed to confirm current infection.
This test shows whether the immune system has been exposed to hepatitis C. A positive antibody does not necessarily mean the virus is still present; an HCV RNA test is needed to confirm current infection.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
64. HCV RNA
Why might your doctor order it?
HCV RNA looks directly for hepatitis C virus in the blood. It is used to confirm active infection after a positive antibody test and to monitor treatment response.
HCV RNA looks directly for hepatitis C virus in the blood. It is used to confirm active infection after a positive antibody test and to monitor treatment response.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
65. HIV Ag/Ab Test
Why might your doctor order it?
A modern HIV antigen/antibody test can detect infection earlier than older antibody-only tests. A reactive screening result requires confirmation, and a very recent exposure may still need repeat testing because of the window period.
A modern HIV antigen/antibody test can detect infection earlier than older antibody-only tests. A reactive screening result requires confirmation, and a very recent exposure may still need repeat testing because of the window period.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
66. VDRL / RPR
Why might your doctor order it?
VDRL or RPR are screening tests used when syphilis is suspected or screening is indicated. They can occasionally be reactive for reasons other than syphilis, so a confirmatory treponemal test is generally used.
VDRL or RPR are screening tests used when syphilis is suspected or screening is indicated. They can occasionally be reactive for reasons other than syphilis, so a confirmatory treponemal test is generally used.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
67. Dengue NS1 Antigen
Why might your doctor order it?
NS1 can help detect dengue early in the illness, particularly during the first several days of fever. The best test depends on which day of illness the sample is taken, so a negative result does not always exclude dengue.
NS1 can help detect dengue early in the illness, particularly during the first several days of fever. The best test depends on which day of illness the sample is taken, so a negative result does not always exclude dengue.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
68. Dengue IgM / IgG
Why might your doctor order it?
Dengue antibody tests become useful later than NS1 because the immune response takes time to develop. Doctors interpret IgM/IgG according to the day of illness and previous dengue exposure.
Dengue antibody tests become useful later than NS1 because the immune response takes time to develop. Doctors interpret IgM/IgG according to the day of illness and previous dengue exposure.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
69. Malaria Rapid Test / Peripheral Smear
Why might your doctor order it?
These tests look for malaria infection in the blood. A smear can also help identify the parasite type and amount. If suspicion remains high, repeat testing may be needed because parasites are not always detected in one sample.
These tests look for malaria infection in the blood. A smear can also help identify the parasite type and amount. If suspicion remains high, repeat testing may be needed because parasites are not always detected in one sample.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
70. Blood Culture
Why might your doctor order it?
Blood culture looks for bacteria or fungi growing in the bloodstream. It is especially important in suspected sepsis or serious infection and can guide antibiotic choice. Whenever feasible, samples are collected before antibiotics, but urgent treatment should not be dangerously delayed.
Blood culture looks for bacteria or fungi growing in the bloodstream. It is especially important in suspected sepsis or serious infection and can guide antibiotic choice. Whenever feasible, samples are collected before antibiotics, but urgent treatment should not be dangerously delayed.
Preparation: No fasting is required.
71. Procalcitonin
Why might your doctor order it?
Procalcitonin is a marker that can support decisions in some suspected bacterial infections, especially in hospital settings. It is not a simple 'bacterial infection yes/no' test and should be interpreted with the examination and other investigations.
Procalcitonin is a marker that can support decisions in some suspected bacterial infections, especially in hospital settings. It is not a simple 'bacterial infection yes/no' test and should be interpreted with the examination and other investigations.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
72. ANA (Antinuclear Antibody)
Why might your doctor order it?
ANA is used when an autoimmune connective-tissue disease is suspected. Many healthy people can have a positive ANA, especially at low levels, so the result only becomes meaningful when symptoms and more specific tests fit the picture.
ANA is used when an autoimmune connective-tissue disease is suspected. Many healthy people can have a positive ANA, especially at low levels, so the result only becomes meaningful when symptoms and more specific tests fit the picture.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
73. Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Why might your doctor order it?
RF may be positive in rheumatoid arthritis but can also occur in other diseases and even in some healthy people. Doctors do not diagnose rheumatoid arthritis from RF alone; joint symptoms, examination and other tests are important.
RF may be positive in rheumatoid arthritis but can also occur in other diseases and even in some healthy people. Doctors do not diagnose rheumatoid arthritis from RF alone; joint symptoms, examination and other tests are important.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
74. Anti-CCP Antibody
Why might your doctor order it?
Anti-CCP is a more specific antibody test that can support a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis when the clinical picture suggests it. A negative test does not completely rule out rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-CCP is a more specific antibody test that can support a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis when the clinical picture suggests it. A negative test does not completely rule out rheumatoid arthritis.
Preparation: No fasting is needed.
75. C3 and C4 Complement
Why might your doctor order it?
C3 and C4 are immune-system proteins that can change in certain autoimmune diseases, infections and kidney conditions. Doctors often use them to support diagnosis or follow disease activity rather than as stand-alone screening tests.
C3 and C4 are immune-system proteins that can change in certain autoimmune diseases, infections and kidney conditions. Doctors often use them to support diagnosis or follow disease activity rather than as stand-alone screening tests.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
76. Amylase
Why might your doctor order it?
Amylase is an enzyme that can rise in pancreatitis but is also produced elsewhere in the body. It may be ordered for upper abdominal pain, though lipase is generally more specific for pancreatic injury.
Amylase is an enzyme that can rise in pancreatitis but is also produced elsewhere in the body. It may be ordered for upper abdominal pain, though lipase is generally more specific for pancreatic injury.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
77. Lipase
Why might your doctor order it?
Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme commonly checked when acute pancreatitis is suspected. A high result supports the diagnosis in the right clinical setting, but the number alone does not tell how severe the pancreatitis will be.
Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme commonly checked when acute pancreatitis is suspected. A high result supports the diagnosis in the right clinical setting, but the number alone does not tell how severe the pancreatitis will be.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
78. Stool Routine Examination
Why might your doctor order it?
A stool examination may look for parasites, blood, inflammatory cells or other clues depending on symptoms. It can help in persistent diarrhoea or suspected intestinal infection, but the exact tests needed vary with the problem.
A stool examination may look for parasites, blood, inflammatory cells or other clues depending on symptoms. It can help in persistent diarrhoea or suspected intestinal infection, but the exact tests needed vary with the problem.
Preparation: Collect a fresh sample as instructed; avoid contamination with urine or water.
79. Stool Culture
Why might your doctor order it?
A stool culture looks for certain bacteria that can cause intestinal infection. It is generally reserved for selected cases such as severe, persistent or high-risk diarrhoea rather than every brief episode.
A stool culture looks for certain bacteria that can cause intestinal infection. It is generally reserved for selected cases such as severe, persistent or high-risk diarrhoea rather than every brief episode.
Preparation: Collect the sample before antibiotics when feasible and follow laboratory instructions.
80. Stool Occult Blood / FIT
Why might your doctor order it?
FIT detects tiny amounts of blood in stool that cannot be seen. It is widely used for colorectal cancer screening in appropriate age groups. A positive result does not mean cancer, but it usually means further bowel evaluation is needed.
FIT detects tiny amounts of blood in stool that cannot be seen. It is widely used for colorectal cancer screening in appropriate age groups. A positive result does not mean cancer, but it usually means further bowel evaluation is needed.
Preparation: Follow kit instructions; preparation varies by test type.
81. H. pylori Stool Antigen
Why might your doctor order it?
This test looks for evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, a common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. It can also be used to confirm that treatment worked. Acid-suppressing medicines and recent antibiotics can affect the result.
This test looks for evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, a common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. It can also be used to confirm that treatment worked. Acid-suppressing medicines and recent antibiotics can affect the result.
Preparation: Your doctor may ask you to stop certain medicines for a period before testing.
82. Urea Breath Test
Why might your doctor order it?
The urea breath test is another non-invasive way to detect active H. pylori infection. It is useful both for diagnosis and for checking eradication after treatment.
The urea breath test is another non-invasive way to detect active H. pylori infection. It is useful both for diagnosis and for checking eradication after treatment.
Preparation: Fasting and temporary adjustment of acid-suppressing medicines may be required.
83. PSA
Why might your doctor order it?
PSA is a protein produced by the prostate. It can rise with prostate cancer, but also with benign enlargement, inflammation and recent procedures. PSA is therefore a risk-assessment test, not a cancer diagnosis by itself.
PSA is a protein produced by the prostate. It can rise with prostate cancer, but also with benign enlargement, inflammation and recent procedures. PSA is therefore a risk-assessment test, not a cancer diagnosis by itself.
Preparation: Discuss timing, urinary infection and recent prostate procedures with your doctor.
84. CA-125
Why might your doctor order it?
CA-125 can be useful for monitoring some ovarian cancers and in selected evaluations of an adnexal mass. It can also rise in many non-cancerous conditions, so it is not a general screening test for ovarian cancer in average-risk women.
CA-125 can be useful for monitoring some ovarian cancers and in selected evaluations of an adnexal mass. It can also rise in many non-cancerous conditions, so it is not a general screening test for ovarian cancer in average-risk women.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
85. CEA
Why might your doctor order it?
CEA is mainly used to help monitor certain cancers, especially colorectal cancer, after diagnosis. Smoking and non-cancerous conditions can also affect it, so it is not suitable as a general 'cancer screening' blood test.
CEA is mainly used to help monitor certain cancers, especially colorectal cancer, after diagnosis. Smoking and non-cancerous conditions can also affect it, so it is not suitable as a general 'cancer screening' blood test.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
86. AFP
Why might your doctor order it?
AFP may be used in selected patients when evaluating or monitoring liver cancer and certain germ-cell tumours. It can also be raised in non-cancerous liver disease, so it is interpreted with imaging and the clinical picture.
AFP may be used in selected patients when evaluating or monitoring liver cancer and certain germ-cell tumours. It can also be raised in non-cancerous liver disease, so it is interpreted with imaging and the clinical picture.
Preparation: No fasting is usually needed.
87. Chest X-ray
Why might your doctor order it?
A chest X-ray is a quick picture of the lungs, heart outline and chest structures. Doctors may order it for cough, fever, breathlessness, chest pain or suspected heart/lung disease. Some problems can be invisible on an X-ray, so a normal film does not answer every chest complaint.
A chest X-ray is a quick picture of the lungs, heart outline and chest structures. Doctors may order it for cough, fever, breathlessness, chest pain or suspected heart/lung disease. Some problems can be invisible on an X-ray, so a normal film does not answer every chest complaint.
Preparation: Usually no preparation; tell staff if pregnancy is possible.
88. Ultrasound Abdomen
Why might your doctor order it?
Ultrasound uses sound waves to look at organs such as the liver, gallbladder, kidneys and spleen without radiation. It is useful for many abdominal symptoms, but bowel gas and body habitus can limit what is seen.
Ultrasound uses sound waves to look at organs such as the liver, gallbladder, kidneys and spleen without radiation. It is useful for many abdominal symptoms, but bowel gas and body habitus can limit what is seen.
Preparation: Fasting or a full bladder may be requested depending on the organs being examined.
89. Ultrasound KUB
Why might your doctor order it?
This ultrasound focuses on the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It can look for kidney swelling, some stones, bladder problems and structural changes, though very small ureteric stones may be missed.
This ultrasound focuses on the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It can look for kidney swelling, some stones, bladder problems and structural changes, though very small ureteric stones may be missed.
Preparation: A comfortably full bladder is often requested.
90. CT Scan
Why might your doctor order it?
CT uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images. It is faster than MRI and is particularly useful in emergencies, lungs, bones, bleeding and many abdominal problems. Because it uses radiation, doctors choose it when the expected benefit justifies the exposure.
CT uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images. It is faster than MRI and is particularly useful in emergencies, lungs, bones, bleeding and many abdominal problems. Because it uses radiation, doctors choose it when the expected benefit justifies the exposure.
Preparation: Preparation depends on the body part and whether contrast is used.
91. Contrast CT Scan
Why might your doctor order it?
Contrast material can make blood vessels and organs easier to distinguish on CT. Before giving contrast, the team may consider kidney function, previous contrast reactions and the reason for the scan. Contrast is not automatically required for every CT.
Contrast material can make blood vessels and organs easier to distinguish on CT. Before giving contrast, the team may consider kidney function, previous contrast reactions and the reason for the scan. Contrast is not automatically required for every CT.
Preparation: You may be asked to fast; disclose kidney disease, pregnancy and previous contrast reactions.
92. MRI Scan
Why might your doctor order it?
MRI uses a strong magnetic field rather than X-rays and gives excellent detail of the brain, spine, joints and many soft tissues. It takes longer than CT and is not always suitable for people with certain implanted devices or metal fragments.
MRI uses a strong magnetic field rather than X-rays and gives excellent detail of the brain, spine, joints and many soft tissues. It takes longer than CT and is not always suitable for people with certain implanted devices or metal fragments.
Preparation: Remove metal objects and inform staff about implants, pregnancy or severe claustrophobia.
93. Mammography
Why might your doctor order it?
Mammography is a low-dose X-ray of the breasts used mainly for breast-cancer screening and evaluation of selected breast symptoms. Screening schedules depend on age and individual risk.
Mammography is a low-dose X-ray of the breasts used mainly for breast-cancer screening and evaluation of selected breast symptoms. Screening schedules depend on age and individual risk.
Preparation: Avoid deodorant/powder on the chest or underarms if the centre advises.
94. DEXA Bone Density Scan
Why might your doctor order it?
DEXA is a low-radiation scan that measures bone mineral density and helps estimate osteoporosis and fracture risk. It is commonly used in older adults or people with specific risk factors.
DEXA is a low-radiation scan that measures bone mineral density and helps estimate osteoporosis and fracture risk. It is commonly used in older adults or people with specific risk factors.
Preparation: Usually no fasting; calcium supplements may need to be avoided shortly before the scan.
95. Spirometry
Why might your doctor order it?
Spirometry measures how much air you can blow out and how quickly. It helps diagnose and monitor conditions such as asthma and COPD. Good effort and correct technique are essential for a reliable result.
Spirometry measures how much air you can blow out and how quickly. It helps diagnose and monitor conditions such as asthma and COPD. Good effort and correct technique are essential for a reliable result.
Preparation: You may receive instructions about inhalers, smoking, meals and vigorous exercise beforehand.
96. Pulse Oximetry
Why might your doctor order it?
A pulse oximeter estimates oxygen saturation using a small sensor on the finger. It is useful for quickly assessing oxygenation, but readings can be affected by poor circulation, movement, nail products and device limitations. Symptoms still matter even when the number looks reassuring.
A pulse oximeter estimates oxygen saturation using a small sensor on the finger. It is useful for quickly assessing oxygenation, but readings can be affected by poor circulation, movement, nail products and device limitations. Symptoms still matter even when the number looks reassuring.
Preparation: No preparation is needed.
97. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
Why might your doctor order it?
An ABG measures oxygen, carbon dioxide and blood acidity from an artery. It is mainly used in seriously ill patients or significant breathing/metabolic problems and gives information that a pulse oximeter cannot provide.
An ABG measures oxygen, carbon dioxide and blood acidity from an artery. It is mainly used in seriously ill patients or significant breathing/metabolic problems and gives information that a pulse oximeter cannot provide.
Preparation: No fasting; oxygen treatment at the time of sampling must be documented.
98. Upper GI Endoscopy
Why might your doctor order it?
Upper GI endoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the food pipe, stomach and first part of the small intestine. It can identify ulcers, bleeding, inflammation and other abnormalities and allows biopsy when needed.
Upper GI endoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the food pipe, stomach and first part of the small intestine. It can identify ulcers, bleeding, inflammation and other abnormalities and allows biopsy when needed.
Preparation: Fasting is required; follow the endoscopy unit's instructions and arrange help after sedation if used.
99. Colonoscopy
Why might your doctor order it?
Colonoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the large bowel. It can investigate bleeding, bowel symptoms and anaemia and is also used for cancer screening. Polyps can often be removed during the same procedure.
Colonoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the large bowel. It can investigate bleeding, bowel symptoms and anaemia and is also used for cancer screening. Polyps can often be removed during the same procedure.
Preparation: Bowel preparation is essential and must be followed carefully.
100. FNAC
Why might your doctor order it?
Fine-needle aspiration uses a thin needle to collect cells from a lump, such as a thyroid or lymph-node swelling. It helps determine what type of cells are present but sometimes a larger biopsy is needed for a definite diagnosis.
Fine-needle aspiration uses a thin needle to collect cells from a lump, such as a thyroid or lymph-node swelling. It helps determine what type of cells are present but sometimes a larger biopsy is needed for a definite diagnosis.
Preparation: Preparation depends on the site and blood-thinning medicines.
Important: Reference ranges can vary between laboratories, age groups and clinical situations. An abnormal result does not automatically mean disease, and a normal result does not always exclude it. Your treating clinician should interpret the result with your symptoms and examination.